In recent years, with the improvement of living standards and increased government support for the sports industry, numerous modern sports facilities have been newly constructed or renovated. These venues serve as essential spaces for indoor sports competitions, requiring not only high-quality equipment but also optimal lighting conditions. Proper illumination is crucial for ensuring visibility for athletes, referees, and spectators, while also meeting specific requirements for television broadcasting and safety.
Stadium lighting systems must meet strict standards to ensure that the lighting is uniform, glare-free, and suitable for various events. Illumination levels vary depending on the sport, with higher standards required for professional competitions. For example, in China, stadiums at the provincial level or above must comply with TV broadcasting standards, which dictate minimum illuminance values and uniformity ratios. The ratio between the lowest and highest illuminance should be no less than 0.5. Additionally, fire emergency lighting is required in such spaces, typically set at 10% of the standard lighting level.
The color temperature and color rendering index (CRI) of light sources are equally important. Different sports require different lighting conditions, as summarized in Table 1. For instance, warm-colored lights are often used in small training areas, while cooler tones are preferred for outdoor competitions. Most modern stadiums use metal halide lamps due to their high luminous efficiency, good color rendering, and long lifespan. These lamps typically have a color temperature of 3300–5300 K and a CRI of 80–90, making them ideal for both competition and television broadcast.
Lighting calculations play a key role in designing efficient systems. Two common methods are the utilization coefficient method and the point-by-point calculation. The former is used in early design stages for rough estimates, while the latter provides more accurate results for detailed planning. Computer software is often used to streamline complex calculations, allowing designers to simulate lighting distribution and optimize lamp placement.
In terms of lighting modes, direct and indirect lighting are commonly used. Direct lighting provides strong illumination but can cause glare, whereas indirect lighting offers softer, more even illumination. Hybrid systems combine both approaches to balance performance and comfort. Glare control is essential, especially in competitive environments where athletes and officials need clear visibility without discomfort.
Lamp selection is another critical factor. Factors such as luminous efficacy, color temperature, CRI, and lifespan influence the choice. Metal halide lamps are widely used for their efficiency and quality, while halogen lamps are preferred for emergency lighting due to their instant activation. In swimming pools, special considerations include corrosion resistance, waterproofing, and protection ratings to ensure safety and durability.
Lighting control systems have evolved from simple relay-based setups to intelligent, computer-controlled solutions. These systems allow for flexible and precise control, enabling different lighting scenarios for various events. They also offer features like remote operation, automated scheduling, and fault monitoring, enhancing reliability and user experience.
Power supply for lighting systems must be reliable, with backup power sources to ensure continuous operation during emergencies. Dual power supplies are often used to prevent outages, and circuits are designed to minimize flicker effects caused by gas discharge lamps.
A case study of the Fujian Swimming and Diving Hall illustrates the application of these principles. The venue was designed to meet international standards, featuring advanced lighting systems and an intelligent control setup. After installation, the lighting met all required specifications, successfully supporting national-level competitions.
Several challenges remain, including grid lighting and electrical accessory boxes. Properly lighting the structural grid enhances aesthetics and reduces glare, while well-placed accessories simplify maintenance. Fire accident lighting should also be integrated efficiently to reduce costs and ensure reliability.
As technology advances, future stadium lighting systems will continue to evolve, aiming for energy efficiency, safety, and adaptability. By combining innovation with practical design, engineers can create lighting solutions that meet the needs of diverse sports environments. Continuous learning and feedback are essential to improve and refine these systems, ensuring they remain relevant and effective in the ever-changing landscape of sports infrastructure.
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