This year marks the 30th anniversary of reform and opening up. In the past 30 years, under the guidance of the party’s reform and opening up policy, China’s socialist revolution and construction have made brilliant achievements, and all walks of life have undergone earth-shaking changes. Our printing industry, like other industries, has undergone dramatic changes.
Recall that 30 years ago, as a result of the ten years of civil unrest created by the Gang of Four, the national economy of our country was on the verge of collapse, and the news publication and printing industry suffered even greater damage. A large number of printing plants were closed, the remaining printing facilities were very old, the technology was extremely backward, and the production capacity was seriously insufficient. In 1978, there were only 11,211 various types of printing factories in the country (currently 180,000). When the developed countries have popularized laser photocopying, electronic color separation, high-speed offset printing, mechanical binding, and linkage, our printing technology still stays in the Manual lead-plating, backward printing, hand-binding and other old production techniques, backward technology, and low production efficiency are far from meeting the needs of printed books, newspapers, and periodicals. The country has had a difficult and hard-to-book situation. Meet the needs of the people's cultural life.
In the face of the situation of abandonment, the National Publishing Bureau, which was in charge of publishing and publishing work at that time, formulated policies and measures to mobilize all positive factors and actively develop the printing industry. On the other hand, it started with the development of printing technology and sent out a printing inspection group. The country went to the developed countries to visit and inspect, restored the contact with the outside world that had been interrupted for more than 10 years, understood the development of the world's printing technology, saw the gap between China and the world's advanced level, broadened their horizons and found a direction for their efforts. At the same time, under the circumstances that state funds and foreign exchange are in short supply, it has allocated limited funds to introduce advanced equipment such as laser imagesetters, electronic color separation machines, electronic engraving machines, multicolor offset printing presses, and binding and linking motives. income tax. These imported machines are actually only prototypes, but they are of great significance. They have set a model for the development of printing technology and are also a powerful criticism of the far-right line of the four groups of people who are locked up and locked up the country.
After several years of hard work, China’s national economy has gradually recovered, and people’s demands for material and cultural life have been increasing. Problems such as difficulties in publishing books, difficulties in buying books, and insufficient production capacity for printing and backward printing technologies have become increasingly prominent. Printing authorities alone have been unable to resolve this outstanding contradiction. This prominent contradiction has attracted the attention of the central leadership. After a period of brewing, on June 6, 1983, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and the State Council issued the "Decision on Strengthening Publication Work", which pointed out the direction for the development of publishing, printing, and put forward important tasks. At the same time, it instructed the State Economic Commission and Planning Commission to set up a printing technology equipment coordination group that includes leaders of press and publication, machinery, electronics, chemical engineering, and light industry departments, and unifiedly lead and coordinate the transformation of printing technology. In addition, 200 million yuan was allocated to support the transformation of the printing technology, to bring the printing technology to the spot. An import tax shall be exempted for printing technology and equipment imported into the units of key technological transformation projects.
The Central's "Decision on Strengthening Publication Work" gave the publishing department great encouragement and spurs, and the concrete measures taken have given substantial support to the substantive transformation of printing technology. Therefore, in the printing industry in the country, the upsurge of printing technology updating and renovating has been rapidly set. In the "7th Five-Year Plan" and "Eighth Five-Year Plan", the printing technology equipment coordination group has always adhered to the "16-character orientation" of "phototypesetting, electronic color separation, high-speed offset printing, and binding linkage" and adopted preferential policies and measures to continuously increase The investment in the transformation of printing technology (by transferring funds) is increased from 200 million yuan to more than 1 billion yuan (each five-year plan); the imported equipment for technological transformation projects is still exempt from import taxes. With the support of the above policies, the printing technology reform has created a new upsurge in one after another, which has enabled China's printing technology to enter a period of rapid development from the recovery period. The number of foreign advanced equipment introduced has increased year by year, effectively raising the level of China's printing technology. According to rough statistics, from 1978 to 1998, during the 20 years of reform and opening up, the country introduced about 500 electronic color separation machines, more than 1,000 multicolor offset printing presses, and more than 60 binding and linking lines. Through the introduction of foreign advanced technology, it is also a good promotion for the domestic printing and manufacturing industry. At the beginning of the reform and opening up, foreign laser photocopying systems once took the upper hand in our country, but they were not replaced by the laser photocopied by Peking University Founder. The technical level of binding machines developed by Beiren, Shanghai Man-Machine and Shanghai Shuji Machinery Factory has been greatly improved, and is widely used in many printing companies. More than a decade of printing technology transformation has brought about an epoch-making change in China's printing technology.
The typesetting of newspapers and periodicals has evolved from hand-picking and typesetting, which has been used for hundreds of years, to laser photocopying, and the integration of graphic and text layouts has been greatly improved, which has greatly increased the productivity of typesetting and caused a revolution in typesetting technology.
The color image plate making has evolved from a photo-engraving plate that has been used for more than a hundred years to an electronic color-separation plate-making and combination plate-making. Now it has been developed into a direct plate-making. As of September 2007, the country has imported 1,049 direct plate-making systems, which has led to the rapid development of color image plate-making technology.
The printing of books, newspapers and publications has developed from offset printing that has been used for hundreds of years to offset printing and color printing. This has revolutionized our country's printing technology, from the era of "lead and fire" to the era of "light and electricity."
Stapling has evolved from manual or stand-alone binding of the past to mechanization and interlocking binding, freeing up a lot of heavy manual labor and improving production efficiency.
The publication and printing technology of newspapers developed faster. It took the lead in implementing laser photocopying, high-speed offset printing, networking of information resources, and layout satellite transmission, which greatly improved the propaganda efficiency.
In the 21st century, in order to meet the requirements of accession to the WTO, China has implemented a more open policy, strictly fulfilling its commitment to China's accession to the WTO protocol, further opening up the market, greatly reducing import tariffs, attracting foreign investors to invest in China, and also encouraging domestic printers. The company sells its products abroad. The specific policy measures are:
Further open up the market to expand the opening up
Before the reform and opening up, there were very few import and export printing equipment, but only a few sample machines. After the reform and opening up, the import and export goods have gradually increased, and the annual import and export tax rates set by the General Administration of Customs have increased year by year. By 1998, the tariff lines for imported printing equipment had reached more than 20, increased to 32 after the accession to the WTO, increased to 59 by 2008, and added 14 tentative tariff lines. This shows that more and more printed products are allowed to import into China, and the scope is becoming wider and wider. This also shows that our country has further opened its markets to all countries in the world and has expanded its openness.
Simplified approval procedures for decentralized management authority Before China's accession to the WTO, sheetfed offset presses and web offset presses have been managed as specific products for a long time. The management level is high (its import permit is issued by the Ministry of Commerce), approval procedures are numerous, and approval is long; in addition to the approval of the management of the location where the company is located, it is necessary to go to Beijing for approval, which is really a bit of a "labor and human injury."
After China's accession to the WTO in 2002, the former Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation (later renamed the Ministry of Commerce) and the General Administration of Customs have jointly issued [2002] No. 62, [2003] No. 71, [2004] No. 94 Bulletin, which will be used for offset printing. Machines and web offset presses and other products in eight categories, and then expanded to 11 categories of products, were changed from the original specific product management methods to the "Automatic Import License Electromechanical Product Catalog" management. This major change resulted in the import licenses for 11 categories of imported offset presses and other products that were previously issued by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation (now the Ministry of Commerce) to be issued by the electromechanical products import and export offices of the provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities where the enterprises are located. In this way, the management rights were decentralized, the reporting procedures were simplified, the efficiency of office work was improved, the time for office work was shortened, and the company's imported equipment was facilitated.
Annually reduce import tariffs
After China's accession to the WTO, tariffs on imported printing equipment have been reduced year after year. Taking the offset press as an example, in 2001 before the accession to the WTO, the import tariff was 22%. After the accession to the WTO, the import tariff was reduced to 14.8% in 2002, dropped to 12.4% in 2003, dropped to 10% in 2004, and declined in four years. Up to 120%, much lower than the average 15% of developing countries. At the same time, tariffs and value-added tax are exempted for the import of technical equipment that has a high level of technology and China still lacks advanced foreign standards. This is rare in all countries of the world.
Due to the implementation of the above policies, the import of foreign advanced printing equipment has been promoted. Taking a sheet-fed offset press as an example, 645 units were imported in 2001. After the accession to the WTO, 785 units were imported in 2002; in 2003, 933 units were imported; in 2004, 1,052 units were imported; in 2005, 1,135 units were imported; in 2006, 1,103 units were imported, in 2007. Imported 1128 sets.
Adopting preferential policies to encourage foreign investors to invest in foreign-funded enterprises in China
After China's accession to the WTO, the Ministry of Commerce revised the Catalogue for the Guidance of Foreign Investment Industries. At the same time, the relevant departments adopted a series of preferential policies to encourage foreign investors to come to China to establish Chinese-foreign joint ventures, Sino-foreign cooperation, and wholly foreign-owned enterprises (referred to as foreign-funded enterprises). The main policy measures taken are:
1. Implement a two-exempt and three-reduction preferential policy. That is, foreign-funded enterprises are exempted from paying income tax within two years after being put into production and gaining profits. This greatly reduces the risk of foreign investment.
2. Foreign investors who are allowed to invest in packaging, decoration and printing enterprises may bid for a sole proprietorship and a foreign-controlled joint venture.
3. Foreign-funded enterprises that are allowed to export 100% of their prints shall be exempt from customs duties and value-added tax on their own printing equipment for their own use.
4. Allowing foreign-funded enterprises that have printing licenses for books and periodicals to approve printing of domestic books and periodicals.
5. Formulate unit consumption standards for printing and processing trade to facilitate the import and export of foreign-funded enterprises. Before and after joining the WTO, the processing trade consumption standards of books and periodicals, children's books, toy boxes, shoe boxes, cigarette cases, and film boxes have been successively formulated, which has greatly facilitated the import and export of foreign-funded enterprises.
As a result of the above-mentioned policies and measures, the enthusiasm of foreign-invested printing companies in China has been continuously mobilized. After 2004, the right to examine and approve the foreign-invested foreign-invested enterprises in the three foreign-funded enterprises was transferred to all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government, creating more favorable conditions for foreign-invested printing companies in China. Up to now, there are nearly 3,000 printing companies in the Foreign Investment Office in China.
As a result of the above more open policies, attracting foreign investors to invest in foreign-funded enterprises in China and promoting the exchange of printing technology between China and foreign countries, and especially promoting the introduction of new and high technologies, foreign-funded enterprises have brought advanced technologies and advanced management to bring in high quality. The high-tech external processing business, of course, has also brought about market competition, which has brought China's printing technology to a new level. Now it can be said that the world’s most advanced technology and equipment are basically in our country, and high-quality printing products are emerging in an endless stream and sent to the rest of the world. China has become an important processing plant in the world.
Looking back at the distance that we have gone through over the past 30 years of reform and opening up and looking at the earth-shaking changes that have taken place in all walks of life today, and then taking a look at the rapid development of our country's printing technology, this fully proves that the principles and policies formulated by our party for reform and opening up are very wise and correct. Without the party’s reform and opening up policy, there will be no prosperity and prosperity for the motherland today. At the same time, China’s printing technology will not be able to make epoch-making progress.
Glass Jar,Mason Jar Co., Ltd. , http://www.nsglassjar.com